From: kengrimes Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2018 20:13:23 +0000 (-0700) Subject: test updates X-Git-Url: https://www.kengrimes.com/gitweb/?p=kengrimes.com%2Fcontent.git;a=commitdiff_plain;h=42f29a0bf80efd579bdbbd99d4fb6573b10666de test updates --- diff --git a/content/_index.md b/content/_index.md index e0076de..651ec88 100644 --- a/content/_index.md +++ b/content/_index.md @@ -7,893 +7,3 @@ caption: [ Ken Grimes, Mad Computer Scientist At Large ] This is a website I've constructed for the purpose of developing blogging software. I will probably blog with it once development is complete. In the mean time, if you're curious, this is my [curriculum vitae](cv.pdf). - -Markdown: Syntax -================ - - - - -* [Overview](#overview) - * [Philosophy](#philosophy) - * [Inline HTML](#html) - * [Automatic Escaping for Special Characters](#autoescape) -* [Block Elements](#block) - * [Paragraphs and Line Breaks](#p) - * [Headers](#header) - * [Blockquotes](#blockquote) - * [Lists](#list) - * [Code Blocks](#precode) - * [Horizontal Rules](#hr) -* [Span Elements](#span) - * [Links](#link) - * [Emphasis](#em) - * [Code](#code) - * [Images](#img) -* [Miscellaneous](#misc) - * [Backslash Escapes](#backslash) - * [Automatic Links](#autolink) - - -**Note:** This document is itself written using Markdown; you -can [see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL][src]. - - [src]: /projects/markdown/syntax.text - -* * * - -

Overview

- -

Philosophy

- -Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible. - -Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted -document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking -like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While -Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML -filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4], -[Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of -inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email. - - [1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html - [2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/ - [3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/ - [4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html - [5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html - [6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/ - -To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation -characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so -as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually -look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even -blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever -used email. - - - -

Inline HTML

- -Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a -format for *writing* for the web. - -Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its -syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of -HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier -to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to -insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and -edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing* -format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that -can be conveyed in plain text. - -For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply -use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to -indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use -the tags. - -The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `
`, -``, `
`, `

`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding -content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should -not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not -to add extra (unwanted) `

` tags around HTML block-level tags. - -For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article: - - This is a regular paragraph. - -

- - - -
Foo
- - This is another regular paragraph. - -Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level -HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an -HTML block. - -Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. ``, ``, or `` -- can be -used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you -want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if -you'd prefer to use HTML `` or `` tags instead of Markdown's -link or image syntax, go right ahead. - -Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within -span-level tags. - - -

Automatic Escaping for Special Characters

- -In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<` -and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are -used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal -characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `<`, and -`&`. - -Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to -write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&T`'. You even need to -escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to: - - http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird - -you need to encode the URL as: - - http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird - -in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to -forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation -errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites. - -Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of -all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of -an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated -into `&`. - -So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write: - - © - -and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write: - - AT&T - -Markdown will translate it to: - - AT&T - -Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use -angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as -such. But if you write: - - 4 < 5 - -Markdown will translate it to: - - 4 < 5 - -However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and -ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use -Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a -terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<` -and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.) - - -* * * - - -

Block Elements

- - -

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

- -A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated -by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a -blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered -blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs. - -The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is -that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs -significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable -Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break -character in a paragraph into a `
` tag. - -When you *do* want to insert a `
` break tag using Markdown, you -end a line with two or more spaces, then type return. - -Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `
`, but a simplistic -"every line break is a `
`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown. -Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l] -work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks. - - [bq]: #blockquote - [l]: #list - - - - - -Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2]. - -Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level -headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example: - - This is an H1 - ============= - - This is an H2 - ------------- - -Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work. - -Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line, -corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example: - - # This is an H1 - - ## This is an H2 - - ###### This is an H6 - -Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely -cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The -closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes -used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes -determines the header level.) : - - # This is an H1 # - - ## This is an H2 ## - - ### This is an H3 ###### - - -

Blockquotes

- -Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're -familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you -know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard -wrap the text and put a `>` before every line: - - > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, - > consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. - > Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. - > - > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse - > id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. - -Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first -line of a hard-wrapped paragraph: - - > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, - consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. - Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. - - > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse - id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. - -Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by -adding additional levels of `>`: - - > This is the first level of quoting. - > - > > This is nested blockquote. - > - > Back to the first level. - -Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists, -and code blocks: - - > ## This is a header. - > - > 1. This is the first list item. - > 2. This is the second list item. - > - > Here's some example code: - > - > return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script"); - -Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For -example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase -Quote Level from the Text menu. - - -

Lists

- -Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists. - -Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably --- as list markers: - - * Red - * Green - * Blue - -is equivalent to: - - + Red - + Green - + Blue - -and: - - - Red - - Green - - Blue - -Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods: - - 1. Bird - 2. McHale - 3. Parish - -It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the -list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML -Markdown produces from the above list is: - -
    -
  1. Bird
  2. -
  3. McHale
  4. -
  5. Parish
  6. -
- -If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this: - - 1. Bird - 1. McHale - 1. Parish - -or even: - - 3. Bird - 1. McHale - 8. Parish - -you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to, -you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that -the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML. -But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to. - -If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the -list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support -starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number. - -List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by -up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces -or a tab. - -To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents: - - * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. - Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, - viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. - * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. - Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. - -But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to: - - * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. - Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, - viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. - * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. - Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. - -If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the -items in `

` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input: - - * Bird - * Magic - -will turn into: - -

    -
  • Bird
  • -
  • Magic
  • -
- -But this: - - * Bird - - * Magic - -will turn into: - -
    -
  • Bird

  • -
  • Magic

  • -
- -List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent -paragraph in a list item must be intended by either 4 spaces -or one tab: - - 1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor - sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit - mi posuere lectus. - - Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet - vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum - sit amet velit. - - 2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. - -It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent -paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be -lazy: - - * This is a list item with two paragraphs. - - This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're - only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor - sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. - - * Another item in the same list. - -To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>` -delimiters need to be indented: - - * A list item with a blockquote: - - > This is a blockquote - > inside a list item. - -To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs -to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs: - - * A list item with a code block: - - - - -It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by -accident, by writing something like this: - - 1986. What a great season. - -In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a -line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period: - - 1986\. What a great season. - - - -

Code Blocks

- -Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or -markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines -of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block -in both `
` and `` tags.
-
-To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
-block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
-
-    This is a normal paragraph:
-
-        This is a code block.
-
-Markdown will generate:
-
-    

This is a normal paragraph:

- -
This is a code block.
-    
- -One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each -line of the code block. For example, this: - - Here is an example of AppleScript: - - tell application "Foo" - beep - end tell - -will turn into: - -

Here is an example of AppleScript:

- -
tell application "Foo"
-        beep
-    end tell
-    
- -A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented -(or the end of the article). - -Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`) -are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very -easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste -it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the -ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this: - - - -will turn into: - -
<div class="footer">
-        &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
-    </div>
-    
- -Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g., -asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means -it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax. - - - -

Horizontal Rules

- -You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`
`) by placing three or -more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you -wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the -following lines will produce a horizontal rule: - - * * * - - *** - - ***** - - - - - - - --------------------------------------- - - _ _ _ - - -* * * - -

Span Elements

- - - -Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*. - -In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets]. - -To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately -after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses, -put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional* -title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example: - - This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link. - - [This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute. - -Will produce: - -

This is - an example inline link.

- -

This link has no - title attribute.

- -If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can -use relative paths: - - See my [About](/about/) page for details. - -Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside -which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link: - - This is [an example][id] reference-style link. - -You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets: - - This is [an example] [id] reference-style link. - -Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this, -on a line by itself: - - [id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here" - -That is: - -* Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally - indented from the left margin using up to three spaces); -* followed by a colon; -* followed by one or more spaces (or tabs); -* followed by the URL for the link; -* optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed - in double or single quotes. - -The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets: - - [id]: "Optional Title Here" - -You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces -or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs: - - [id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here - "Optional Title Here" - -Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown -processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output. - -Link definition names may constist of letters, numbers, spaces, and punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two links: - - [link text][a] - [link text][A] - -are equivalent. - -The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the -link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name. -Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word -"Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write: - - [Google][] - -And then define the link: - - [Google]: http://google.com/ - -Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for -multiple words in the link text: - - Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information. - -And then define the link: - - [Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/ - -Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I -tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're -used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your -document, sort of like footnotes. - -Here's an example of reference links in action: - - I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from - [Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3]. - - [1]: http://google.com/ "Google" - [2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search" - [3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search" - -Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write: - - I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from - [Yahoo][] or [MSN][]. - - [google]: http://google.com/ "Google" - [yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search" - [msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search" - -Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output: - -

I get 10 times more traffic from Google than from - Yahoo - or MSN.

- -For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using -Markdown's inline link style: - - I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google") - than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or - [MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"). - -The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to -write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document -source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using -reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters -long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML, -it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there -is text. - -With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more -closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By -allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph, -you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your -prose. - - -

Emphasis

- -Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of -emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an -HTML `` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML -`` tag. E.g., this input: - - *single asterisks* - - _single underscores_ - - **double asterisks** - - __double underscores__ - -will produce: - - single asterisks - - single underscores - - double asterisks - - double underscores - -You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that -the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span. - -Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word: - - un*fucking*believable - -But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a -literal asterisk or underscore. - -To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it -would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash -escape it: - - \*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\* - - - -

Code

- -To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``). -Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a -normal paragraph. For example: - - Use the `printf()` function. - -will produce: - -

Use the printf() function.

- -To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use -multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters: - - ``There is a literal backtick (`) here.`` - -which will produce this: - -

There is a literal backtick (`) here.

- -The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces -- -one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place -literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span: - - A single backtick in a code span: `` ` `` - - A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` `` - -will produce: - -

A single backtick in a code span: `

- -

A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `foo`

- -With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML -entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML -tags. Markdown will turn this: - - Please don't use any `` tags. - -into: - -

Please don't use any <blink> tags.

- -You can write this: - - `—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`. - -to produce: - -

&#8212; is the decimal-encoded - equivalent of &mdash;.

- - - -

Images

- -Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for -placing images into a plain text document format. - -Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax -for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*. - -Inline image syntax looks like this: - - ![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg) - - ![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Optional title") - -That is: - -* An exclamation mark: `!`; -* followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt` - attribute text for the image; -* followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to - the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double - or single quotes. - -Reference-style image syntax looks like this: - - ![Alt text][id] - -Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references -are defined using syntax identical to link references: - - [id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute" - -As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the -dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply -use regular HTML `` tags. - - -* * * - - -

Miscellaneous

- - - -Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this: - - - -Markdown will turn this into: - - http://example.com/ - -Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that -Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex -entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting -spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this: - - - -into something like this: - - address@exa - mple.com - -which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com". - -(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not -most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of -them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way -will probably eventually start receiving spam.) - - - -

Backslash Escapes

- -Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal -characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's -formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word with -literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `` tag), you can backslashes -before the asterisks, like this: - - \*literal asterisks\* - -Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters: - - \ backslash - ` backtick - * asterisk - _ underscore - {} curly braces - [] square brackets - () parentheses - # hash mark - + plus sign - - minus sign (hyphen) - . dot - ! exclamation mark - - diff --git a/content/post/testmd.md b/content/post/testmd.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ada258 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/post/testmd.md @@ -0,0 +1,893 @@ +--- +title: Markdown Test +caption: This Markdown is Tested! +--- +Markdown: Syntax +================ + + + + +* [Overview](#overview) + * [Philosophy](#philosophy) + * [Inline HTML](#html) + * [Automatic Escaping for Special Characters](#autoescape) +* [Block Elements](#block) + * [Paragraphs and Line Breaks](#p) + * [Headers](#header) + * [Blockquotes](#blockquote) + * [Lists](#list) + * [Code Blocks](#precode) + * [Horizontal Rules](#hr) +* [Span Elements](#span) + * [Links](#link) + * [Emphasis](#em) + * [Code](#code) + * [Images](#img) +* [Miscellaneous](#misc) + * [Backslash Escapes](#backslash) + * [Automatic Links](#autolink) + + +**Note:** This document is itself written using Markdown; you +can [see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL][src]. + + [src]: /projects/markdown/syntax.text + +* * * + +

Overview

+ +

Philosophy

+ +Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible. + +Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted +document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking +like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While +Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML +filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4], +[Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of +inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email. + + [1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html + [2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/ + [3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/ + [4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html + [5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html + [6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/ + +To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation +characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so +as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually +look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even +blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever +used email. + + + +

Inline HTML

+ +Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a +format for *writing* for the web. + +Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its +syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of +HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier +to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to +insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and +edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing* +format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that +can be conveyed in plain text. + +For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply +use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to +indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use +the tags. + +The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `
`, +``, `
`, `

`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding +content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should +not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not +to add extra (unwanted) `

` tags around HTML block-level tags. + +For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article: + + This is a regular paragraph. + +

+ + + +
Foo
+ + This is another regular paragraph. + +Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level +HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an +HTML block. + +Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. ``, ``, or `` -- can be +used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you +want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if +you'd prefer to use HTML `` or `` tags instead of Markdown's +link or image syntax, go right ahead. + +Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within +span-level tags. + + +

Automatic Escaping for Special Characters

+ +In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<` +and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are +used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal +characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `<`, and +`&`. + +Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to +write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&T`'. You even need to +escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to: + + http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird + +you need to encode the URL as: + + http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird + +in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to +forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation +errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites. + +Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of +all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of +an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated +into `&`. + +So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write: + + © + +and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write: + + AT&T + +Markdown will translate it to: + + AT&T + +Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use +angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as +such. But if you write: + + 4 < 5 + +Markdown will translate it to: + + 4 < 5 + +However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and +ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use +Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a +terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<` +and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.) + + +* * * + + +

Block Elements

+ + +

Paragraphs and Line Breaks

+ +A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated +by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a +blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered +blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs. + +The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is +that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs +significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable +Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break +character in a paragraph into a `
` tag. + +When you *do* want to insert a `
` break tag using Markdown, you +end a line with two or more spaces, then type return. + +Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `
`, but a simplistic +"every line break is a `
`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown. +Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l] +work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks. + + [bq]: #blockquote + [l]: #list + + + + + +Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2]. + +Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level +headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example: + + This is an H1 + ============= + + This is an H2 + ------------- + +Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work. + +Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line, +corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example: + + # This is an H1 + + ## This is an H2 + + ###### This is an H6 + +Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely +cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The +closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes +used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes +determines the header level.) : + + # This is an H1 # + + ## This is an H2 ## + + ### This is an H3 ###### + + +

Blockquotes

+ +Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're +familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you +know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard +wrap the text and put a `>` before every line: + + > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, + > consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. + > Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. + > + > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse + > id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. + +Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first +line of a hard-wrapped paragraph: + + > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, + consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. + Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. + + > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse + id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. + +Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by +adding additional levels of `>`: + + > This is the first level of quoting. + > + > > This is nested blockquote. + > + > Back to the first level. + +Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists, +and code blocks: + + > ## This is a header. + > + > 1. This is the first list item. + > 2. This is the second list item. + > + > Here's some example code: + > + > return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script"); + +Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For +example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase +Quote Level from the Text menu. + + +

Lists

+ +Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists. + +Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably +-- as list markers: + + * Red + * Green + * Blue + +is equivalent to: + + + Red + + Green + + Blue + +and: + + - Red + - Green + - Blue + +Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods: + + 1. Bird + 2. McHale + 3. Parish + +It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the +list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML +Markdown produces from the above list is: + +
    +
  1. Bird
  2. +
  3. McHale
  4. +
  5. Parish
  6. +
+ +If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this: + + 1. Bird + 1. McHale + 1. Parish + +or even: + + 3. Bird + 1. McHale + 8. Parish + +you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to, +you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that +the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML. +But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to. + +If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the +list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support +starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number. + +List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by +up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces +or a tab. + +To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents: + + * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. + Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, + viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. + * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. + Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. + +But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to: + + * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. + Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi, + viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus. + * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. + Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. + +If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the +items in `

` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input: + + * Bird + * Magic + +will turn into: + +

    +
  • Bird
  • +
  • Magic
  • +
+ +But this: + + * Bird + + * Magic + +will turn into: + +
    +
  • Bird

  • +
  • Magic

  • +
+ +List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent +paragraph in a list item must be intended by either 4 spaces +or one tab: + + 1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit + mi posuere lectus. + + Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet + vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum + sit amet velit. + + 2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing. + +It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent +paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be +lazy: + + * This is a list item with two paragraphs. + + This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're + only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor + sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. + + * Another item in the same list. + +To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>` +delimiters need to be indented: + + * A list item with a blockquote: + + > This is a blockquote + > inside a list item. + +To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs +to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs: + + * A list item with a code block: + + + + +It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by +accident, by writing something like this: + + 1986. What a great season. + +In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a +line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period: + + 1986\. What a great season. + + + +

Code Blocks

+ +Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or +markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines +of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block +in both `
` and `` tags.
+
+To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
+block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
+
+    This is a normal paragraph:
+
+        This is a code block.
+
+Markdown will generate:
+
+    

This is a normal paragraph:

+ +
This is a code block.
+    
+ +One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each +line of the code block. For example, this: + + Here is an example of AppleScript: + + tell application "Foo" + beep + end tell + +will turn into: + +

Here is an example of AppleScript:

+ +
tell application "Foo"
+        beep
+    end tell
+    
+ +A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented +(or the end of the article). + +Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`) +are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very +easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste +it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the +ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this: + + + +will turn into: + +
<div class="footer">
+        &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
+    </div>
+    
+ +Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g., +asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means +it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax. + + + +

Horizontal Rules

+ +You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`
`) by placing three or +more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you +wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the +following lines will produce a horizontal rule: + + * * * + + *** + + ***** + + - - - + + --------------------------------------- + + _ _ _ + + +* * * + +

Span Elements

+ + + +Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*. + +In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets]. + +To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately +after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses, +put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional* +title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example: + + This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link. + + [This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute. + +Will produce: + +

This is + an example inline link.

+ +

This link has no + title attribute.

+ +If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can +use relative paths: + + See my [About](/about/) page for details. + +Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside +which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link: + + This is [an example][id] reference-style link. + +You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets: + + This is [an example] [id] reference-style link. + +Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this, +on a line by itself: + + [id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here" + +That is: + +* Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally + indented from the left margin using up to three spaces); +* followed by a colon; +* followed by one or more spaces (or tabs); +* followed by the URL for the link; +* optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed + in double or single quotes. + +The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets: + + [id]: "Optional Title Here" + +You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces +or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs: + + [id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here + "Optional Title Here" + +Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown +processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output. + +Link definition names may constist of letters, numbers, spaces, and punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two links: + + [link text][a] + [link text][A] + +are equivalent. + +The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the +link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name. +Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word +"Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write: + + [Google][] + +And then define the link: + + [Google]: http://google.com/ + +Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for +multiple words in the link text: + + Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information. + +And then define the link: + + [Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/ + +Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I +tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're +used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your +document, sort of like footnotes. + +Here's an example of reference links in action: + + I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from + [Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3]. + + [1]: http://google.com/ "Google" + [2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search" + [3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search" + +Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write: + + I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from + [Yahoo][] or [MSN][]. + + [google]: http://google.com/ "Google" + [yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search" + [msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search" + +Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output: + +

I get 10 times more traffic from Google than from + Yahoo + or MSN.

+ +For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using +Markdown's inline link style: + + I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google") + than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or + [MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"). + +The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to +write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document +source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using +reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters +long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML, +it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there +is text. + +With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more +closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By +allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph, +you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your +prose. + + +

Emphasis

+ +Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of +emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an +HTML `` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML +`` tag. E.g., this input: + + *single asterisks* + + _single underscores_ + + **double asterisks** + + __double underscores__ + +will produce: + + single asterisks + + single underscores + + double asterisks + + double underscores + +You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that +the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span. + +Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word: + + un*fucking*believable + +But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a +literal asterisk or underscore. + +To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it +would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash +escape it: + + \*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\* + + + +

Code

+ +To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``). +Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a +normal paragraph. For example: + + Use the `printf()` function. + +will produce: + +

Use the printf() function.

+ +To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use +multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters: + + ``There is a literal backtick (`) here.`` + +which will produce this: + +

There is a literal backtick (`) here.

+ +The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces -- +one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place +literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span: + + A single backtick in a code span: `` ` `` + + A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` `` + +will produce: + +

A single backtick in a code span: `

+ +

A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `foo`

+ +With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML +entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML +tags. Markdown will turn this: + + Please don't use any `` tags. + +into: + +

Please don't use any <blink> tags.

+ +You can write this: + + `—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`. + +to produce: + +

&#8212; is the decimal-encoded + equivalent of &mdash;.

+ + + +

Images

+ +Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for +placing images into a plain text document format. + +Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax +for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*. + +Inline image syntax looks like this: + + ![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg) + + ![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Optional title") + +That is: + +* An exclamation mark: `!`; +* followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt` + attribute text for the image; +* followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to + the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double + or single quotes. + +Reference-style image syntax looks like this: + + ![Alt text][id] + +Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references +are defined using syntax identical to link references: + + [id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute" + +As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the +dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply +use regular HTML `` tags. + + +* * * + + +

Miscellaneous

+ + + +Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this: + + + +Markdown will turn this into: + + http://example.com/ + +Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that +Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex +entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting +spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this: + + + +into something like this: + + address@exa + mple.com + +which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com". + +(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not +most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of +them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way +will probably eventually start receiving spam.) + + + +

Backslash Escapes

+ +Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal +characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's +formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word with +literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `` tag), you can backslashes +before the asterisks, like this: + + \*literal asterisks\* + +Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters: + + \ backslash + ` backtick + * asterisk + _ underscore + {} curly braces + [] square brackets + () parentheses + # hash mark + + plus sign + - minus sign (hyphen) + . dot + ! exclamation mark + + diff --git a/content/post/testorg.org b/content/post/testorg.org index 8628f9d..8b2a8df 100644 --- a/content/post/testorg.org +++ b/content/post/testorg.org @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +#+TITLE: Test Org +#+CAPTION: This Org Is Tested! #+FLAGS: { FAILS(f) PARTLY(p) WORKS(w) } *Note:* a complete list of these features including keyboard @@ -384,11 +386,11 @@ Very long line with many characters showing the wordwrap feature or the not exis #+end_verse quote: -#+begin_quote +#+BEGIN_QUOTE This is an example. Second line. Very long line with many characters showing the wordwrap feature or the not existing word wrap feature -#+end_quote +#+END_QUOTE only colon: : This is an example.